Abu 100 to 500L Electrical And Computer Engineering Courses

TRANSIENT RESPONSE OF FIRST AND SECOND ORDER CIRCUITS: Test signals: Exponential function, sinusoid, unit step unit impulse, and complex exponentials.

First order circuits; RL and RC circuits driven by initial conditions and by test signals; Classical solutions and operator method; Use of Laplace transform method and convolution techniques; Numerical solutions;

Second Order circuits; RLC circuits driven by initial conditions and by test signals; Solutions using Laplace transforms; Over-damped, critically damped and under-damped responses; State equations; Numerical solution of state equations.

SINUSOIDAL STEADY-STATE ANALYSIS: Frequency-domain analysis; Complex number phasors and rotating phasors; Steady-state response; Impedance and admittance; Mesh and Nodal equations; Power factor and power factor correction; Power and maximum power theorem.

LOCUS AND PHASOR DIAGRAMS: Series circuits of fixed resistance and variable reactance and vice versa; Z and Y plane locus; Current locus diagrams; -Y transformation theorem and phasor diagrams; -Y 3-phase transformer connections using three single-phase transformers.

TRANSMISSION LINES: Review of transmission line parameters; Types of power transmission lines and their circuit representations.

Derivation of Maxwell’s equation in curl form from Faraday’s and Ampere’s laws; Time varying electric and magnetic fields in free space; The wave equation; Plane waves in vacuum, dielectric conducting and lossy media; Skin effect;

Polarization of waves; Poynting’s vector and energy propagation in free space. Boundary conditions; Plane waves in unbounded dielectric media; Reflection and transmission of plane waves.

EM RADIATING SYSTEMS Antennae: isotropic antenna, elementary dipole near the far fields; Antenna parameters; Half-wave antenna; Practical antenna e.g. loop, horn and parabolic.

Autotransformer and instrument transformer; Per-unit system of calculation; Vibration and noise. MACHINE WINDINGS: Concentrated and distributed windings; Terminologies: Armature winding, slot, conductor coil, coil-side, full pitch, short chord etc;

DC armature windings: Simplex lap, simplex wave, equalizers, frog-leg, multiplex windings; AC armature windings: concentric, double layer lap and wave, fractional slot windings; MMF patterns in air-gaps.

DC MACHINES: Constructional features of prototype DC machines; Calculation of EMF generated in armature windings; Circuit model of DC machine; Developed torque;

Ways of exciting field windings; Losses and efficiency; Armature reaction and commutation; Flash-over, Sparking, compensating windings, interpoles and brush shift.

DC GENERATOR: Working principles, types and performance characteristics; Built-up voltage in self-excited machines.

DC MOTOR Working principles, types and performance characteristics. Starting and braking speed regulation.

ELECTRONICS LAB: Laboratory work on Physical and Digital Electronics

TRANSFORMER DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION PROJECT.

Energy band theory of electrical conductors, insulators and semi-conductors; Conductivity and mobility; Carriers and transport phenomena in semiconductors.

QUANTITATIVE THEORY OF THE PN JUNCTION: Formation of the PN junction; Depletion layer and its capacitance; Construction, characteristics and applications of the PN junction diode; Zener diode, photo-devices (diodes and transistors) and photocells; LEDs, transistors, FETs (Junction and MOS) and SCRs.

FABRICATION TECHNIQUES: Elementary discrete devices fabrication techniques; Introduction to IC technology; IC fabrication techniques; PCB fabrication techniques; Photolithography and Nanotechnology.

DATA REPRESENTATION IN COMPUTER: The binary number system and arithmetic; One’s and two’s complement arithmetic; Addition with negative numbers, carries and overflows; Sign and magnitude notation; Representation of non-numeric data;

The ASCII character set; Text encoding and string; Alphanumeric ordering; Representation of fractional numbers; Radix conversion; Rounding; Floating-point representation; BCD representation and arithmetic.

BOOLEAN ALGEBRA: Review of elementary digital concepts; Switching properties of electronic devices; Switching and wave-shaping circuits; Logical variables and functions and standard forms; Min-term and max-term designation of functions.

MINIMIZATION TECHNIQUES: Calculus; K-maps ; Quine-Macluskey technique; Veitch Maps.

Hardware and Software Tools used in PC Preventive Maintenance and Troubleshooting; Definition and Types of Operating Systems; Description of Microsoft Windows OS with respect to Functions, Limitations and Compatibilities;

Preventive Maintenance Techniques for OS. Troubleshooting OS; Introduction to Linux and Mac OS; Description of the Laptop and other Mobile (portable) Computing Devices; Introduction to Printing and Scanning Technologies; Types and Properties of Printers and Scanners; Introduction to Computer Security and Networking.

TWO- PORT NETWORKS: Two-port network parameters: Z, Y and h parameters; Reciprocity relations for reciprocal two ports; Measurement of the parameters; Transmission (chain) parameters; Cascaded chain parameters; Image impedance for symmetrical two-ports; Filter characteristics: low, high and bandpass characteristics; Design of constant K and m-derived filter section; Insertion loss; Two-port network synthesis.

FOURIER METHODS OF ANALYSIS: Fourier series with application to representation of non-sinusoidal signals; Fourier transforms and response of linear networks; Power (or energy) spectra; Analysis and synthesis of non-linear dynamic circuits; Application of computers in the analysis and synthesis of linear and non-linear circuits; Convolution. Auto and cross-correlation.

ANALOG COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS: Random and discrete signal; Autocorrelation functions; Power spectral densities; Bandwidth of different signals: Speech, pictures, fax etc

ECONOMICS OF POWER SUPPLY: Fixed and running charges in electric power production; Load curves and load duration curves including concept of base, intermediate and peak load; Definition of load factor, maximum demand, Diversity factor and their effects on generation.

DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM: Survey of power system components: feeders, distributors, services mains, radial and ring-man systems; Voltage drop in distribution systems; Per-unit qualities.

OVERHEAD TRANSMISSION SYSTEM: Conductors and insulators; Transmission line parameters; Resistance, inductance and capacitance; Skin effect; Corona discharge; Stringing: Calculation of sag and tension; Stringing chart and performance; Representation of short and long power lines.

UNDERGROUND CABLES: Types; Inductance of concentric cables; Capacitance of single-core and three-core cables; Thermal characteristics; Sheath currents.

CIRCUIT BREAKERS: Principles of arc-extinction; Types of circuit breakers; Current growth in a purely inductive circuits; Interpretation of circuit breakers test oscillographs; Current chopping; Resistance and capacitance switching; Breaking and making currents.

SILICON CONTROLLED RECTIFIERS Constructional details, characteristics and principle of operation. Transistor analogy. Methods of turning-OFF. Device specification. Gate characteristics (gate circuit parameters,

measurement of device parameters, circuits for gate triggering). Internal power dissipation and temperature rise. Series operation of SCRs. Parallel operation. String efficiency. Protection.

TRIACS: Theory of operation. Gate characteristics Turn- On methods. Phase control using Triacs

OTHER POWER ELECTRONIC DEVICES: Schotsky diode. Diac. Silicon controlled switch.. GTO, UJT and relaxation oscillators. Programmable UJT. Unilateral and bilateral switches. Solar switching devices.

TRANSISTOR SWITCHES: Analysis of circuits using transistors as switches.

PROTECTION OF SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES Snubber circuits etc

ACCURACY: Values and uncertainty. Errors. Summation of errors. Random errors. Specifications and standards. Calibration procedures.

INPUT CHARACTERISTICS: Sensitivity scaling and matching.

WAVEFORMS Sine-wave. Mean value. rms value. form factor and crest factor. Phase relationships. Bias. Harmonics. Frequency effects. Bandwidth. Rise time. Interference: environmental and coupled.

ANALOGUE INSTRUMENTS Moving coil instruments. Electrodynamics instruments. Other pointer instruments. Energy meters. The cathode-ray oscilloscope. Tape recorders.

COMPARISON METHODS: DC and AC potentiometers. DC and AC bridges.

DIGITAL INSTRUMENTS Counters. Multi function digital voltmeters. DAC and ADC conversions. Sample and Hold circuits. Wave analyzers.

TRANSDUCERS: Classification, types and characteristics: To cover various methods of converting various signals into electrical variable.

COMPUTER LAB: Laboratory work on Computer Applications.

CONTROL LAB: Laboratory work on Control systems.

WORKSHOP PRACTICE AND CONSTRUCTION.

Regulated power supplies: simple zener diode regulator, shunt regulator, series regulator. IC rectifier and regulator chips. Switched mode power supplies.

BJT AMPLIFIERS: BJT construction, operational characteristics and configurations. Operating point. DC and AC loadlines. Biasing circuits. Bias stability and stability factor. Stabilization against variation in hfe and Vcb.

Thermal runaway. Classification of cascaded amplifiers. The gain-bandwidth product. RC and transformer coupling. Low, medium and high frequency equivalent circuits. Small-signal T- and h-parameter equivalent circuits. Design of BJT amplifiers.

FET AMPLIFIERS: Constructional details and characteristics of JFETs and MOSFETs. RC coupled JFET and MOSFET amplifiers. Functions of circuit component. Graphical analysis for DC and AC loadlines. Different biasing arrangements. Design of FET amplifier circuits. Phase-lock loop circuits.

AUDIO POWER AMPLIFIERS: Classes of amplifiers. Amplifier distortion and harmonics. Power output and efficiency. Push-pull amplifiers. Complementary symmetry.

OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS: Basic op-amp characteristics and circuits. Difference amplifier circuits. Inverting and non-inverting circuits. Summing, differentiating and integrating circuits. Analogue computation.

OSCILLATORS: Feedback concepts. Effect of feedback on gain, distortion, bandwidth, input and output impedances. Feedback circuits. Negative resistance oscillators. Wien-bridge and Ladder phase-shift oscillators. Harley, Colpitts and crystal oscillators.

ANALOG COMMUNICATION MODULATION TECHNIQUES AND DETECTION: Amplitude modulation (AM/DSB, SSB, VSB); Simple modulators; Power and bandwidth performance; Angle modulation (FM and PM);

Transmission bandwidth requirements and distortion; Interference; Clippers and limiters; Receivers for CW modulation: discrimination, frequency tracking loop, phase locked loop and noise performance; Superheterodyne receivers;

Scanning spectrum analyzers; FDM systems; TV: Monochrome and colour transmitters and receivers; Noise system models and parameters; Bandpass noise; linear model with noise; exponential model with noise.

COMMERCIAL RADIO SYSTEMS: Propagation of radio waves in free space; The ionosphere; Critical frequency for wave propagation through the ionosphere; M.U.F. and skip distance; Ground waves and line-of-sight communications.

DIGITAL TECHNIQUES: Sampling theorem; Pulse amplitude modulation; Pulse width modulation; Multiplexing; Quantization systems; Pulse code modulation; Delta modulation; Cause and correction for errors in PCM and DM; Ideal and matched filters; Frequency acquisition; Phase referencing and timing; Line coding; Block encoding; Shannon’s theorem.

MODELING AND REPRESENTATION: Dynamic equations of simple electrical, Electrical And Computer, thermal and fluid flow systems; Determination of transfer function: Using block diagram and signal flow graphs.

TIME RESPONSE AND PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATION: System poles and zeroes, order and types; Natural modes; System response to test signals-step, impulse, ramp and parabolic input functions; Steady-state errors; Static and dynamic error coefficients.

TIME DOMAIN PERFORMANCE MEASURES: Response (transient) of a second order system to a step input: Determination and significance of rise-time, delay time, peak-time, peak overshoot, selling time, damping ratio,

natural frequency etc in transient response analysis; Design and analysis of a position servomechanism with proportional, integral and derivative (PI, PD and PID) control action.

FREQUENCY RESPONSE AND ANALYSIS: The sinusoidal test functions and frequency response test; Frequency response analysis; Polar plots, Nyquist plots and Bode plots of commonly encountered transfer functions; Identification of systems from frequency response data; Frequency response measures: Bandwidth, resonant peak, phase and gain margins etc.

STABILITY ANALYSIS: Concept of system stability; Algebraic criteria for absolute stability; Simplified Nyquist stability criterion.

The focal point is in understanding the dilemmas faced by entrepreneurs, resolving them, developing a business plan and the maximum utilization of the financial, marketing and human resources that make for a successful operation.

Programmes with multiple classes; documenting programmes; Grouping Objects or Classes Together: Grouping objects together in arrays; dynamic groups; grouping classes in hierarchies; Handling Errors: Error-handling techniques in Java; Handling Files:

Reading and writing streams and files; Simple Graphical Objects: Creating simple graphical objects; laying out graphical components; creating simple graphical user interfaces.

BASEBAND DIGITAL TRANSMISSION: Digital signaling formats (NRZ, RZ); Line encoding: BNZS, HDB-3; Errors in digital transmission and error models; Linear reception techniques: maximum likelihood receiver; Integral reception method etc; Phase correction techniques in linear reception; Asynchronous and synchronous transmission.

ERROR CORRECTION: Coding theory and abstract algebra; Source coding (Fano-Shannon, Huffman algorithms); Channel coding; Classification of codes: Linear block codes, Hamming, cyclic, BCH, RS convolutions codes; ARQ systems; FEC system.

BANDPASS DIGITAL TRANSMISSION: Traditional digital modulation techniques: FSK, PSK and QAM; State of the art techniques: MSK, CPM etc; Performance of modulation in fading channels; Criteria governing modulation section; Modems and equalization.

PROTOCOLS: The OSI reference model: Lower level protocols: RTSP, RTP, TCP/IP, RSVP; Application level protocols: HTTP.FTP, etc.

SYNCHRONIZATION AND TIMING CONTROL: Clock recovery; carrier recovery; scrambler-descrambler, and encryption.

AND OR NAND NOR XOR XNOR and NOT; Combinational logic circuits; Multiplexers, comparators, half-adder and full-adder; Design with NAND/NOR; Multiple output circuits; Noise in combinational circuits.

CLOCK GENERATION CIRCUITS: Design and analysis of multivibrators; Schmidt trigger circuit and time-base generators using discrete transistors and digital ICs; Interfacing of logic families.

MSI CIRCUITS: Different scales of integration;. Multiple output circuits;. Design of MSI circuits; Speed constraints; Noise in MSI circuits.

SEQUENTIAL DIGITAL CIRCUITS: Output function of sequential circuits; Mealy-Moore circuits; Flip-flops (SR JK. T and D); Counters: Binary, Modulo-N, up-down; Registers: Input/output circuits; Synchronous circuits:

clocking, clock rate, skew; Fundamentals of sequential finite state machines; Introduction to the design of sequential systems; Algorithmic state machines; Programmable logic arrays (FPGA etc)

ARCHITECTURE: Von Neumann and Harvard microprocessor/microcontroller architectures; the Von Neumann bottleneck; data paths and control paths in a simple microcontroller architecture (based on a16/32/64bit PIC/Atmel/AVR,etc); load and store operations; and relative jump (branch) instructions to control program flow. 16/32/64-Bit PIC/Atmel/AVR,etc

INSTRUCTION SET: instruction types; addressing modes; instruction formats and decoding; and subroutine calls and the stack.

DIGITAL INTERFACING: general-purpose digital input/output resources on the 16/32/64bit PIC/Atmel/AVR, etc; structure of a general-purpose digital input/output circuit; tri-state and Schmidt trigger buffers; and programming input/output ports.

PROGRAMMING AND APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT: System or application development using a 16/32/64bit PIC/Atmel/AVR,etc

Public and Private Members; Dynamic Memory Management; Constructors and Destructors; Templates (STL); Object Encapsulation; Derived Classes; Class Hierarchies; Inheritance and Polymorphism; Operator Overloading; Stream Class;

Implementation of Data Structures using C++; Utilization of Data Structures (Stacks, Linked Lists, Trees and Graphs) in Solving Engineering Problems; Use Of C++ Standard Template Library (STL) in Code Development.

Network Components and Devices; OSI and TCP/IP Models and Protocols; Switching and Routing protocols; Routing Algorithms and Metrics; IP Addressing Organization and Subnets; Classless Routing and Introducing IPv6;

LANs, SANs, WANs, MANs, WLANs etc: Physical structures and access protocols; Network troubleshooting tools; Introduction to network design using Packet Tracer; The Internet and Domain Name System (DNS).

FURTHER GRAPHICAL TECHNIQUES: M and N charts; Nichol’s chart; Inverse Nyquist plots; Root locus construction.

CLASSICAL DESIGN TECHNIQUES: Classical design performance;. Specification in time and frequency domain; Cascade and feedback compensation using: Root locus, Nyquist and Bode diagrams; Design of PID industrial controllers.

COMPENSATORS: Design and analysis of Lead, Lag and Lead-lag compensators.

INTRODUCTION TO NON LINEAR SYSTEMS: Common types of non-linearities; Some effects of non-linearities on close-loop control systems; The describing function method of analysis and the phase-plane method.

DIGITAL CONTROL SYSTEMS: Introduction; Types of signals and systems; Sampled data systems; ADC, DAC and Sample-and-Hold circuits; Characteristics roots; Z-transforms; Relationship between Z- transforms and Laplace transform;

Sampling theorem with respect to digital control; Z-plane stability analysis using Jury’s methods and bilinear transformation; Digital compensation. Introduction to microprocessor- based control.

CONTROL LAB: Laboratory work on Control Engineering using MATLAB/Simulink.

COMPUTER LAB: Laboratory work on Computer Engineering: Networking and Programming.

NETWORK DESIGN AND CONFIGURATION PROJECT

Test characteristics of electrical and electronics components; Designing for higher reliability; Packaging, mounting and ventilation; Protection from humidity, dust etc.

Synthesis of low-pass filters; Spectral transforms and their applications in synthesis of high-pass and band-pass filters; Digital fillers; Digital transfer function; Aliasing;

One-dimensional recursive and non-recursive filters; Computer techniques in filter synthesis; Realization of filters in hardware and software; Basic image processing

Introduction to fuzzy set theory and fuzzy logic; Fuzzy logic system and control; Fuzzy time series analysis; Introduction to neurofuzzy systems; Introduction to use of fuzzy logic and ANFIS Matlab toolboxes or any other analytical tools.

Introduction to Genetic Algorithm (GA), Artificial Immune System (AIS), Intelligent Agents, Game Theory etc.

Digital system design process; EDA tools and design viewpoints; Design Using PLDs, CPLDs and FPGAs; Hardware Modeling with Verilog HDL; Behavioral Descriptions in Verilog;

Synthesis of Combinational Circuit and State Machines; Language Constructs; Design for Testability; Design, Synthesis and Testing of Combinational Logic Circuits and State Machines Using An FPGA.

Mobile IP and Micromobility Protocols; TCP in Wireless Environments; Overlay Networks; Flat Routing Protocols (DHTs); Peer-To-Peer Architectures;

The Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) in practice; Design and Simulation of an Enterprise Network (Using Packet Tracer etc); Data Centre and High Performance Computing; Introduction to Mobile and Cloud Computing

Solution of controllability and observability problems using the Kalman and Gilbert’s tests; Canonical realization of systems having specified transfer functions; Solution of the state equation (state transition matrix):

Laplace transformation, Canonical transformation and Cayley-Hamilton theorem; Feedback and full-order state observers: classical approach, Ackermann’s formula and linear quadratic regulator approach; Pole assignment and placement techniques.

STABILITY: Stability in the sense of Lyapunov.

OPTIMAL CONTROL: Optimality principle; the optimal control problem; types of optimal control systems; the LQR optimal controller.

submit a comprehensive report in accordance with Departmental guidelines, and defend the project at the end of the session. A project status report is to be presented at the end of first semester.

Object Oriented and Function Oriented Design; User Interface Design; Program Design Techniques; Jackson Structured Programming; Software Testing and Maintenance; Software Project Management; Project Estimation; Project Planning; Risk Identification; Scheduling; Project Design Using CASE.

Types, functions and structure of browsers (e.g. Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, Netscape, Opera etc); Search engines (e.g. Google, Yahoo, Bing, etc); Software robots (crawlers), URL and database query; File sharing and downloading;

E-mail and instant messaging (SMTP, MIME, POP, IMAP, MSP, etc); Encryption; Study of web-based applications like Bluetooth, WebTV, MP3/4 players, chat-rooms, etc; Social Networking; Web-based information service; Directory structure;

Web servers; Introduction to web design and content development using HTML, XML, php, javascripts, mySQL etc.

Memory management; Advanced memory systems (non-blocking caches, multi-porting/banking and virtual memory); Instruction Pipelining; Optimisation;

Peripherals and Interfaces; Standard Bus Systems (e.g. SCSI, SATA and PCI); Peripheral Performance Enhancement;

Processor data path design and control (hardwired and programmed); Advanced processor designs (Syperscalar and out-of-order execution); Introduction to multiprocessor architectures and performance.

VLSI: Introduction to VLSI technology; MOS transistor theory; Inverter circuits; Data and control flow; MOS processing and design rules; Integration and system fabrication; Logic design with MOS; Architecture and design of system controllers; System timing; Signal processing using MOS VLSI technology.

Multipliers (Sequential, Array, Booth and others) and various divider circuits; Floating-point units; Study of computation concepts: Hazards, meta-stability, false paths, inertial delay, sticky bits, clock skew-jitter, dynamic and static sensitization etc.

(Their history, evolution and the extent to which they imperil information in computers); Networking and wireless security; Use and limitations of firewalls and DMZs in protecting networks;

Design of Network security systems; Intrusion detection and its associated problems; Applied cryptography; Fundamental methodology on how to design and analyze security-critical systems.

Sustainability Issues In Engineering Design; Environmental Impact Assessment; Implementation and Sustenance of Projects; Project Management; Project Scheduling (CPM, PERT etc);

Group Presentation of an Engineering Design Project that Addresses the Issues of Feasibility Studies, Environmental Impact of the Project, Project Timelines and milestones and its Sustenance using Standard Project Presentation Tools (e.g MSProject, MSPowerpoint etc)

submit a comprehensive report in accordance with Departmental guidelines, and defend the project at the end of the session. A project status report is to be presented at the end of first semester.

ACTIVE LITER FUNCTIONS: Low, High, Band-Pass, Band-Reject, Notch fillers and State variable fillers; Gain and delay equalizers; Bode, Butterworth and Chebyshev approximations; Elliptic and Bessel approximations;

Basic filter synthesis; Cascade approach; Negative feedback topology; Positive feedback; Bi-quad circuits; The 3-amp bi-quad.

DIRECT REPLACEMENT OF INDUCTANCES: Simulated, grounded and floating inductor; Variation of simulated inductance with frequency;

Positive impedance inverters; Gyrators; Negative impedance converters; Synthesis of ideal amps embedded in RC networks: Sallen and Key circuits Sensitivity Analysis.

Conceptual, Logical and Physical Database Design and Evaluation; Normalization; Query Languages; Query Optimization; Security, Integrity and Concurrency Protocols;

Introduction to SQL and its Application to RDBMS; Database Design; Model Building; Data Table; Forms and Reports; Database Administration.

parallel I/O; Choice of embedded computers (AVR, PIC, etc); choice of level of languages: low level (assembly), mid level (C), high level (basic and ladder logic); Analog and digital devices: Op-amp, ADC, DAC, and power transistors;

Modeling and control of electro-Electrical And Computer systems; Sensors, actuators, and their applications to intelligent manufacturing and mechatronic systems; Modeling of various actuators: (DC motors, stepper motors, induction motors),

and sensors (position, velocity, force, tactile, and ultrasonic) or Programmable Logic Controller; Introduction to robotics and design of robots.

EXCHANGE POWER PLANT: Energy storage; Types of cells: Lead-acid storage batteries, alkaline storage batteries, enclosed cells, glass box cells; Evaluation of selected secondary batteries: electrical, operational and comparative characteristics;

Maintenance of storage batteries; Maintenance modes; Charging of storage batteries; Charge-discharge mode; Standby and buffer modes of operation; Charging devices; Semiconductor AC-DC converters (rectifiers); Motors. Generators.

PRINCIPLES OF INVERTER CIRCUITS: Controlled rectifier: theory and characteristics; Inverter principles (rectification, inversion, etc); Electrical And Computer and transistor switch inverters; Phase controlled rectifiers and AC line voltage commutated inverters;

Series, parallel capacitor commutated inverters; Inverter voltage control; Improving inverter output waveform; DC-DC inverter-rectifier; Time ratio control (TRC); Variable frequency TRC; Constant frequency TRC; Converter for stepping up voltage;

SCR DC-DC power converters (push-pull, flyback and forward converters); AC-DC converter design; Power supplies using ICs; DC-DC high voltage power supply;

DC-DC supply with multiple outputs; SCR voltage stabilizer; Special purpose power supplies: digital power supplies; Uninterrupted power supplies (UPS) block schematics; Programmable power supplies.

PHOTOVOLTAIC GENERATORS: Elements of photovoltaic power systems; Fabrication of cells; Design of a converter.

POWER AND LOAD CONNECTIONS: Powerboard; AC supply leads and standards; AC common and grounding leads; Isolation transformer; AC line regulation; Load connections: DC output characteristics; DC distribution terminals (DT); Decoupling capacitors; Ground return points.