NABTEB Physics Syllabus 2022

1.1 Explain the structure of

matter: 3 states of matter and use the kinetic theory to explain the 3 states.

metal and gas.

1. 1.2  Measurement of Length, Mass and Time
2. 1.3  Measurement of Area and Volume of objects.

Derived quantities and their S.I. units.

Measurement instruments for: i. Length

ii. Mass

iii. Time
Areas of regular and irregular objects. Volumes of regular and irregular objects. Dimensions analysis of fundamental and derived quantities.

Using vernier caliper micrometer screw-guage. The degree of accuracy of measuring instruments should be emphasized.

Instruments such as measuring cylinder and overflow-can should be used.

as

& Displacement

3.1 State the differences

between Distance and Displacement.

1. Definition of position Distance and Displacement.
2. Distinction between Distance and Displacement.

4.1 Explain Uniformly

Accelerated Motion

V2 = u2 + 2as
To solve numerical problems.

1.1 Explain motion and its various

types.
1.2 Explain angular

speed in circular motion.

Classification of Forces.

1.3 Classify forces into field and

contact forces.

Friction.

1.4 Explain Frictional Laws.

Newtons Law of Motion
1.5 State and explain

Newton’s Laws of motion.

ii) Inertia mass and weight. iii) Momentum.
iv) The law of conservation of linear momentum.

v) Elastic and inelastic collision 14. i) Newton’s second law of motion.

ii) Calculations involving the second

law.
15. I) Newton’s third law of law.
16. Consequences of Newtons law of

motion (weightlessness, rocket etc) and calculations involving the laws.

Banking of roads should be emphasized.

Note the differences between static and dynamic friction. Trainees should be made to roll spherical objects on a rough, smooth surfaces and report their experiences.

μs = F/R OR F =μR Use F = μR for

horizontal plane and μ=tan Š– for incline plane with Š– as an angle of inclination. Use measuring

Distinction between elastic and inelastic collisions

Derivation of F = ma is necessary.

Solve problems on momentum e.g. recoil of a gun, jet and rocket propulsion.

Quantities

6.1. Explain the term scalar and Vector

Quantities

Addition of Vectors

6.2. Explain the parallelogram

and triangle rules of addition of vectors

Resolution Vectors

6.3. Resolve vectors into their

rectangular components in two dimension.

1. Scalar and vector quantities with examples.
2. representation of vectors graphically in two dimensions.

1. Resultant of two or more vectors
2. Determination of the resultant

equilibrium of two or more vectors.

1. The parallelogram rule of the addition

of two vectors.

1. The use of triangle rule for vector

addition.

1. Component of vectors,
2. Resolution of vectors into rectangular

components in two dimensions by drawing and by calculations.

Calculations involving components and resultant of vectors (at right angle and obtuse)

motion and its

i) range.

iii) time of flight

1. Calculations involving projectile
2. Applications of projectile.

8.1 Distinguish between

Mass and Weight

and Relative Density

ii. Measurement of relative density.

1.1 Pressure in fluid at rest.

Archimedes
Princi

ple

1. 1.2  State Archimedes principle.
2. 1.3  Solve problems using

Archimedes

1. Definition of pressure, S.I. unit of pressure.
2. The relationship between Pressure P, Force F, and Area A as P = F/A.
3. Calculations involving pressure using P = F/A.
4. Atmospheric pressure
5. Atmospheric pressure in bars.
6. Construction and operation of mercury

barometer and manometer

1. Operation of aneroid barometer.
2. Operation of siphon, pump (lift pump,

force pump, etc).

1. Hydraulic press.
2. Derivation of an expression for the

pressure in fluid P = hpg.

1. Pascal’s principle
2. Explanation of the variation of pressure

with depth.

1. Pascal’s principle.
2. Calculations using P = hpg.
3. Archimedes principle.
4. Forces acting on a body partially or

completely immersed in a fluid e.g.

water.

1. Problems using Archimedes principle.
2. Determination of relative density of

relative Density using the principle.

Floating

1.5 State the law of Floatation and

explain its applications.

principle.
19. Calculation of R.d using Archimedes

principle.
Law of Floatation
Application of the law in hydrometer, balloon, ships (plumb-line) boats, submarines, etc.)

1. 1.1  Define surface tension and state

its merits

1. 1.2  Discuss its

applications and give the factors affecting tension.

1. Definition of surface tension and derivation of its units.
2. Forces of adhesion and cohesion and relate this to capillarity and wetting of surfaces. Molecular explanation of surface tension.
3. Factors that affect surface tension temperature impurities, etc.
4. Practical application e.g. capillarity.

1. 1.1  State Hook’s Law
2. 1.2  Calculate problems involving

Hooke’s Law.

1. Statement of Hooke’s Law. Problems involving Hooke’s Law.
2. Calculation of work done in stretching or in an elastic body.
3. Definition of tensile stress and tensile strain.
4. Young modulus and its significance

Calculations involving energy stored and young modulus.

1. 1.1  Define moment of force, couple .
2. 1.2  Solve problems involving

moments.

1. 1.3  State the

conditions of equilibrium of a

1. Equilibrium of three coplanar forces acting at a point.
2. Definition of moment of a force.
3. Definition of couple.
4. Conditions under which a rigid body is

in equilibrium under the action of

coplanar forces.

1. Problems involving moments
2. Definition of centre of gravity.
3. Centre of gravity of regular shapes,

Centre of Gravity

1. 1.4  Explain the centre of gravity

of a body.

1. 1.5  Determine the

centre of gravity for some regular and irregular shaped bodies.

1. Stable, unstable and neutral

equilibrium.

1. Factors affecting stability of a body.

Determination of centre of gravity of both regular and irregular shapes, e.g. using the plumbline method.

Motion

14.1 Define and explain simple harmonic

motion.
14.2 Explain period

frequency and

amplitude of simple Harmonic

Motion (SHM).

14.3 Explain speed and acceleration of

SHM.
14.4 Explain the energy

of SHM, forced vibration and resonance.

simple harmonic motion.
3. Velocity and acceleration of SHM. 4. Energy of SHM.
5. Forced vibration and resonance.

i. Simple pendulum ii. Helical spring iii. Illustrate energy

stored graphically.

15.1 Describe the various forms of

energy. 15.2 Identify and

classify the sources

of energy. 15.3 State the

principles
of conservation

of energy.

Illustrate with simple pendulum, striking of match box.

and Energy Power

16.1 Define work and energy.

1. 16.2  Explain potential energy and

kinetic energy and conservation of mechanical energy.

1. 16.3  Explain power.

17.1 Define simple machine and

explain the mechanical advantage (MA), velocity ratio

(VR)

and efficiency e

of
machine.

17.2 Explain the effects

of friction on efficiency.

Determine the MA of different simple machines.

and its measurement.

19.1 Describe the effects of heat.

1. 19.2  Explain thermal expansion.
2. 19.3  Describe anomalous

expansion of water

1. Explanation of effect of heat in the following, using kinetic theory.
   i. Rise in temperature
   ii. Change of state

iii. Expansion

iv. Change of resistance.

1. Consequences and applications of

expansion, e.g. in building, bridges, bimetallic strips, thermostat, overhead cables (causing sagging) and in railway lines (causing bucking.

1. Thermal expansion in both solids and liquid.

i. Linear expansivity, ą
ii. Area expansiveity, ß
iii.Volume expansivity, γ
iv. Real and apparent cubic expansity.

1. Relationship between ą, ß and ą
2. Anomalous expansion of water and its importance.
3. Numerical problems on thermal expansion.

Determination of linear expansivity of materials (rod) and volume expansivity of liquid.

Discuss Hope’s experiment.

20.1 Explain modes
of heat transfer. 20.2 Compare thermal

conductivities of

different solids and liquids.

1. Heat transfer.
   Ӣ Conduction. Ӣ Convection. Ӣ Radiation.
2. Explain conduction and convection using kinetic theory.
3. Examples of good and bad conductors of heat.
4. Comparing thermal conductivities of different metal rods, and various

Demonstration of water as a conductor of heat.

and absorption of radiant heat by different

surfaces.

1. Explanation of land and sea breezes.
2. Absorption and radiation of heat,

radiant heat by different surfaces.

1. Applications of conduction, convection

and radiation of heat in everyday life.

1. Principle and operation of the vaccum

flask.

Experimental illustration of a good and bad conductor of heat, e.g. copper and wood/plastic

B21.1 State gas laws

and explain the

gas
laws using the

kinetic theory

1. Explanation of the gas laws using kinetic theory.
2. Calculations of gas law

(i) Boyle’s law (ii) Charles’s law

22.1 Explain heat capacity, specific

heat capacity and

their determination.

23.1 Explain the concept

of latent of state of

matter (melting, vaporisation and sublimation).

1. Definition of latent heat and specific latent heat of fusion and vaporization
2. Calculation involving them.
3. Boiling and melting points and the

effects of impurities and pressure.

1. Working principles of pressure cooker.
2. Working principle of refrigerator.
3. Boiling and evaporation.
4. Factors affecting boiling and

evaporation.

1. Effects of evaporation.
2. Vapour and vapour pressure.
3. Saturated vapour pressure and boiling.
4. Dew point and relative humidity.
5. Humidity, formation of dew, mist, fog

and rain.

Determine experimentally the melting point of a solid and the boiling point of a liquid. Demonstration of regulation, e.g. temperature, humidity, surface area, and draught over surface.

Waves

24.1 Describe the concept of

waves,
production and

propagation of waves.

24.2 Describe different types of waves.

Properties of Waves

24.3 Describe and identify

properties
of waves.

Solve problems involving the equation.

7. Stationary wave equation,

Y=Asin (ωt + 2π) λ

8. Properties of waves reflection, refraction, diffraction, interference. 9. Superposition of progressive waves

(standing waves).
10. Polarization of transverse waves

Note that frequency, f and period T are related by f=1/T.

Explain all the symbols in the relationship.

Y = Asin (ωt + 2π) λ

25.1 Explain sources

of
light and

demonstrate rectilinear

1. Sources of light Luminous and non- luminous objects.
2. Rays and beams
3. Rectilinear propagation of light.

Ӣ formation of shadows and eclipses. Ӣ Pin-hole camera.

Construction and

25.2Explain the reflection of

light.

Paraxial Beam

Focus, Principal focus.
25.3Spherical mirror

and Application

1. Reflection of light at plain surface, e.g. plain mirror.
   • Laws of reflection, regular and irregular reflection.
   • Images in plain mirror inclined mirror
   • Effects of rotation of mirrors on the reflected beam.
   • Application of reflection from plain surfaces periscope, sextant, etc Virtual and real image.
2. Types – concave and conex etc. Definition of terminologies principal axis (P.A) Principal focus etc. Formation of images
   Sign convection & formula mirror formula
   1+1=1
   uvf
   magnification = v = Hi u Ho

Solve problems using the above relations

Uses driving mirror, dentist mirror,

sharing mirror etc.

1. Concept of refraction.
2. Application of reflection from plain

surfaces periscope, sextant, etc.

1. Laws of refraction; Snell’s law.
2. Definition of refractive index.
3. Real and apparent depths.
4. Critical angle and total internal

reflection

1. Applications of refraction and total

internal reflection.

1. Refraction through triangular prism.
2. Calculation of refractive index.

μ = Sin 1„2 (A + Dmin) Sin O A N

2
15. i lateral displacement and

angle of deviation.
ii. Refractive index and angle of

minimum deviation. 16 Distinguish between

Formation of images, characteristics of images and use of mirror formula:

1+1=1 uvf

v m= u

to solve numerical problems. (Derivation of mirror formulae is not required) Experimental determination of the focal length of concave mirror. Applications in search light, parabolic and driving mirrors, car headlamps, etc. Geometrical determination of image positions. Experimental determination of refractive index.

25.4 Explain the refraction of light

at plane surfaces, rectangular glass prism (block)

and
triangular prism.

25.5 Explain the refraction of light

on curved surfaces:

convex, concave lenses.

17. Definition of terms e.g. * Principal axis
* Principal focus.
* Optical centre

* Focal length
Aperture of converging lenses. 18. Formation of images on lens

1. Use of ray diagrams to illustrate formation of images by lenses.

1 + 1 = 1 and m=v uvfu

1. Use the above relation to solve problems

i) Simple microscope
ii) Compound microscope iii) Astronomical telescope

1. Operational principle of optical projector.
2. Human eye and camera.
3. Eye defects: myopia, hypermyopia,

astigmatism and presbyopia.

1. Correction of eye defects.
2. Concept of dispersion.
3. Dispersion and deviation.
4. Description of rainbow.
5. Pure and impure spectrum.
6. Production of pure spectrum.
7. Effects of coloured light.
8. Mixing of colour and mixing pigments.
9. Distinction between primary and

secondary colours.

1. Components of electromagnetic

spectrum.

Determination of focal length of the lens (approximate method etc).

25.6 Describe optical instruments I.E. (applications of

refraction).

Dispersal of Light

25.7 Explain the dispersion of

white
light and

production of colours.

Demonstrate splitting of white light into different colours by a prism.

Waves

26.1 Explain the principles of

electromagnetic

waves and identify

its properties.

waves and mechanical waves.
3. Electromagnetic spectrum.
4. Uses of various types of radiations. 5. Properties of various radiations in the

electromagnetic spectrum.

27.1 Explain the production of

sound waves and

description of their properties.

27.2 Explain the production of

echoes and applications of echo sounding.

27.3 Explain musical instruments and

its operations. 27.4 Explain forced

1. Sources of sound.
2. Transmission of sound.
3. Speed of sound in solids, liquids, and
4. gasses.

Factors affection velocity of sound in

1. air.
2. Production of echoes. Application of echoes:

i. ii.

Determination of sea depth using echo.
Determination of velocity of sound, time and distance using echo.

7.
8. Characteristics of sound e.g. pitch,

Distinction between musical note and noise.

Use sonometer to demonstrate the dependence of frequency (f) on

27.5 Explain vibrations
in pipes and closed

of air open pipes.

1. Vibrations in strings.
2. Explanation of the phenomena of beats.
3. Concepts of forced vibration.
4. Resonance.
5. Harmonics and overtones.
6. Musical tones.
7. Air column
8. Vibration in closed pipes.
9. Vibration in open pipes.
10. Resonance tube experiment for

determination of the velocity of sound

in air.

1. Applications of vibration of air in pipes

and wind instrument.

F=1

L /T
M

Use the above formula involving simple problems. Mention string instruments such as guitar, piano, harp, violin, etc.

Use resonance tube and sonometer to illustrate forced vibrations.
Perform experiment on acoustical resonance using resonance tube. Mention applications in percussion instrument e.g. drum, bell, cymbals, etc. Show that the fundamental frequency of a closed pipe is

Fo = v

4L, hence, to = V

2λ
S how that the possible harmonics of a close pipe are fo, 3fo, 5fo, 7fo… The fundamental frequency in this case, is fo.
Hence, the

V = f λ in silving numerical problems. Mention examples organ, flute, trumpet, horn, clarinet, saxophone, etc.

28.1 Explain gravitational,

electric and magnetic fields

and
state their

properties.

1. Definition of fields:
   i. Gravitational field. ii. Electric field.
   iii. Magnetic field.
2. Properties of force field.

29.1 Explain the concept

of gravitational

field, gravitational

field, gravitational

potential and escape velocity.

1. Gravitational force between two masses e.g. proton, electronics and planets Newton’s Law of Gravitation.
2. Gravitational field intensity acceleration due to gravity.
3. Relationship between universal gravitational constant (G) ad acceleration due to gravity (g).
4. Effect of latitude, altitude and the rotation of the earth on acceleration due to gravity.
5. Gravitational potential.
6. Escape velocity.
7. Calculation of escape velocity of a

rocket and, gravitational intensity and potential.

30.1 Explain static electricity.

Describe various

ways of producing charges and the force between two

30.2 Explain the concept of electric field.

30.3 Explain the concept

of capacitance, arrangement of capacitors and

their applications.

Capacitor and capacitance 30.3 Explain the

concept of capacitance, arrangement of capacitors and their applications.

1. Coulomb’s Law e.g.”

F=Kq1q2 R2

F = qE

1. Electric field intensity or potential

gradient.

1. Force on a charge in an electric field:
2. Electric potential and electric potential

energy.

1. Capacitors.
2. Definition of capacitance.
3. Factors affecting capacitance.
4. Series and parallel arrangement of

capacitors

1. Energy stored in a charged capacitor
2. Applications of capacitors.

Application of lighting conductor.

Note: Permitivity of a material medium between point charges. Calculation involving electric field, electric field intensity and electric potential is necessary.

Note Farad (F) as unit of capacitance. Use C = εA

d to compute

capacitance where ε is permitivity of medium.

Derivation of formula for energy stored in charged capacitor, Example: 2
E = 1„2 CV or
E = 1„2 QV or
E = 1„2 Q2/C
Uses examples in radio, TV, prurification of metals etc (Derivation of

30.4 Current electricity.

Explain the production of electric current from cells.

30.5 Explain potential difference and electric current

using an electric circuit.

Electric Energy and Power
30.6 Explain electric

energy and power.

effective resistance for series and

parallel arrangement.
30. Lost volt and internal resistance of

cells and batteries.
31. Definition of electrical energy and

power.
32. Heating effect of electrical energy and

its applications.
33. Numerical problems on heating effects

of electrical energy using the relation mcÓ¨ = 1vt or = 12Rt
or 2
=V t

R or 12Rt

or V2t

R
Where mcÓ¨ = heat energy and 1vt

= electrical energy

34. Galvanometer
35. Conversion of galvanometer t

voltmeter using multiplier.

Draw a well labeled diagram of lead- acid-accmulator. Rechargeability. Noe the unot of potential difference as volt (V), ampere (A) for current and Ohm (Ω) for resistance. Experimental verification of Ohm’s Law.

Solve problems r=E-V

I
Give examples of

Ohmic and non- Ohmic conductors and factors affecting Ohmic conductors.

Examples of applications are: Electric motor, ring boiler, electric kettle.

Explain kilowatt- hour in commercial electricity as the Board of trade unit.

shunt
and multiplier

of
a material and enumerate the

factors affecting

electrical
resista

nce of a material.

30.9 Explain the measurement of

electric current,

potential difference,

resistance emf and internal

resistance of a cell.

1. Factors affecting the electrical resistance of a material
2. Definition and S.1. unit of resistivity. Definition of conductivity and its unit.
3. Solve simple problems using R =ρ L

A

1. Principle of operation and the use of:

i. Ammeter.
ii. Voltmeter.
iii. Potentiometer.
iv. Metre bridge.
v. Wheatsone bridge.

Also the relationship between resistivity (ρ) and conductivity (σ) as i = σ

e
Mention factors as

resistivity, length, cross-sectional area (radius), temperature. Perform experiment using potentiometer determine and compare emf, p.d of cells.

By using metre bridge, determine the unknown resistance in a circuit.

applications.

1. Simple copper voltmeter.
2. Uses of electrolysis
3. Faraday’s laws of electrolysis and the

applications of electrolysis.

through gasses,

hot
cathode

emissions and their

applications.

32.1 Explain the properties of magnets and

concepts of magnetization.

field.
9. Field due to current carrying conductor

and a solenoid.
10. Force on a current-carrying conductor. 11. Applications of force on current-

carrying conductor e.g. electric motor,

moving-coil galvanometer.
12. Force on two parallel conductors

carrying current.
13. Principle and operations of

electromagnets.
14. Applications of electromagnets e.g.

electric bell, telephone earpiece.
15. Magnetic force on a moving charged

Explain magnetic flux and density, magnetic field around a permanent magnet, a current- carrying conductor. Plot lines of force to locate neutral points using compass needle, iron fillings. Note units of magnetic flux and magnetic flux density as weber (Wb) and tesla (T) respectively. Compare the use of iron and steel as magnetic materials. Ilustrate with stroking and electrical method, also heating for de-

Solve problem using F = BIL sinθ Use right grip rule or corkscrew rule to illustrate the direction of magnetic field.
Use electric bell in your laboratory to illustrate the principle of operation of electromagnet.

of inductance. 33.4 Explain Eddy

current, power transmission and distribution.

Law, Lenz’s Law.
3. Experiment to verify Faraday’s law

and Lenz’s law.
4. Induced emf in a conductor moving in

a magnetic field.
5. Generators (d.c. and a.c.); E = Eo sin ω

t.
induction coil.
Transformer.
Inductance (only self inductance). Energy stored in an inductor.

6.
7.
8.
9.
10. Applications of inductors e.g. radio,

TV and transformer.

1. Eddy current.
2. Reducing Eddy current losses and

applications of Eddy current.

1. Power transmission and distribution.
2. Reduction of power losses in high-

tension transmission lines.

1. Household wiring system.

The principle underlying the operations of direct and alternating currents should be treated. Note also that in equation E = Eo sin wt. Where E = induced emf, Eo = peak emf, w = angular velocity and t = time.

Note unit of inductance as Henry (H). Use E = 1„2 LI2 to solve simple problems

34.1 Explain the graphical

representation of

variation of e.m.f.

and current in an a.c. circuit, peak and r.m.s values

of
a.c. circuits.

34.2 Analyse series circuit containing

resistance, inductance and capacitance abd explain

reactance, impedance,

vector diagrams,

resonance

and power in an a.c.

1. Graphical representation of variation of current in an ac circuit.
2. Peak and r.m.d. values for a.c. circuit.
3. Phase relationship between voltage and

current in the circuit’s elements;

resistors, inductor and capacitor.

1. Resistance, inductance and

capacitance.

1. Reactance and impedance.
2. Phase diagrams.
3. Resonance in an ac series circuit.
4. Power in an ac circuit

Lo = ˆš2 1rms Note the relationship between the peak and r.m.s. values. Eo = ˆš2 Erms

Use
Z = ˆšR2+(XL-Xc)2

To solve simple problems. (Deirvation of the formulae is not required). Differentiate between reactance and resistance.

35.1 Describe the models of the

atom and the limitation

of each.

35.2 Explain energy quantization.

35.3 Explain photoelectric

effect.

35.4 Explain thermionic

emission and X- rays: production, characteristics

and applications.

1. Models of the atom. Ӣ Thomson.

Ӣ Rutherford.

1. • Bohr, and
   • Electron cloud.
2. Limitations of each model.
3. Quantization of angular momentum

(Bohr.)

1. Definition of energy quantization.
2. Energy levels in the atom
3. Absorption spectra and spectra of

discharge lamps.

1. Line spectra, bond, continuous from

hot bodies.

1. Concept of photoelectric effect.
2. Definition of work function and

threshold frequency.

1. Einstein’s photoelectric equation.
2. Calculations involving Einstein’s

equation.

1. Application of photoelectric effect.
2. wave-particle duality of light
3. Thermionic emission and its

application.

1. Production of X-rays.
2. Types, characteristics and properties of

X-rays.

1. Application of X-rays.
2. Hazards of X-rays and the safety

precautions.

Illustrate the production of X-ray using a well- labelled diagram of X-ray tube.

36.1 Explain the composition of

the nucleus. 36.2 Explain

radioactivity. Identify the types and give

examples of radioactive

elements.
36.3 List radioactive

emissions, describe their properties, uses and ways of

detecting them. 36.4 Explain

radioactive decay, half life,

transformation of elements by radioactivity and the applications

of radioactivity.

Ӣ Neutrons.

1. Isotpes.
2. Concept of radioactivity.
3. Natural and artificial radioactivities
4. Radioactive elements.
5. Radioactive emissions.
6. Properties and uses of radioactive

emissions.

1. Detecting radioactive emissions.
2. Radioactive decay, half-life and decay

constant.

1. Transmutation of elements by

radioactivity.

1. Applications of radioactivity.

Give examples as Uranium, Thorium, etc.
Give examples of the emissions as alpha particles, beta particles and gamma rays. Mention the methods used to detect emissions e.g. G.M. counter, photographic plates. Use the formula: T1„2 = (loge2)

λ = 0.693

λ
to solve simple

problems.

fusion and fission.

1. Binding energy, mass defect and energyequation: E= MC2
2. Principle of nuclear reactors and atomic bomb.

15. Radiation hazards and safety precautions.

16. Peaceful uses of nuclear reactions.

conductors, semi- conductors and insulators in

terms of conduction. 37.2 Explain doping of semi-conductors p- and n- type semi-

conductors, majority and minority carriers.

37.3Explain I V characteristics of

p n junction diode and

rectification.
37.4 Explain modes of operation of

transistors and single stage amplifier.

1. Intrinsic conduction.
2. Valance, conduction and forbidden

energy bands and their effects on

conductivity of material.

1. Doping of semi-conductors.
2. Extrinsic conduction p- and n- type

semi-conductors.

1. Majority and minority carriers
2. I V characteristics of

p n junction diode.

1. Half and full wave rectification.
2. Smoothening of rectified waveforms

using capacitors.

1. Modes of operation of

p-n-p and n-p-n transistors.

1. Operations of a single stage amplifier.
2. Integrated circuits.

You are only required to mention integrated circuits.