UNIBEN Water Resources And Petroleum Engineering Courses

Environmental hazards and examples. Sources of environmental hazards. Effects on Human health. Control of environmental hazard.

ACCIDENT Definition, Distribution, types, human factor, causes, control of Accident, prevention should focus on, first Aid, contributions of students to environmental protection. The need, their contributions leadership.

Violence at Home and society, Definition of Violence. Type of violence. Cause of violence. Cultural values that constitute violence in the family. Prevention and control of violence.

Conservation of Natural resources. Soil Air Water relationship. Soil Water plant relationship. Plant Animal Man relationship.

Environmental friendly situation. Conservation of renewable and non-renewable natural resources. Need for environmental impact assessment studies.

Laminar Flow: Laminar flow between narrow plates, laminar flow between two parallel plates, laminar flow over a flat surface, velocity distribution and average velocity, friction factor etc.

Open Channel Flow: Types of flow in open cannel (uniform, non-uniform, turbulent, laminar, steady, unsteady, critical, sub-critical and super critical etc). Steady uniform, Chezy’s and Manning’s equations, Darcy-Weisbach equation,

hydraulically efficient sections, flow in circular conduit with free surface. Specific energy, critical, sub-critical and super critical flows, Froude number, local smooth flow transitions, Venturi flume and broad crested weir.

Application of momentum principles, hydraulic jump, energy dissipated in hydraulic jump, use of hydraulic jump as energy dissipator in stilling basins, baffle piers for fixing position of hydraulic jump in stilling basins.

Flow in Pipes: Head lost in friction, coefficient of friction, equations for friction coefficient, Moody’s diagram, minor (local) head losses in pipes. Hydraulic energy gradients. Simple pipe problems.

Pumps: Centrifugal pumps, Specific speed and characteristics. Use of characteristics in selecting pumps, operating points and system equation, specific speed, multistage pumps etc. Pipeline with pumps.

Velocity distribution and average velocity, friction factor etc. Laminar flow in pipes, velocity distribution, some types of viscometers:

Turbulent Flow of Pipes: phenomenological theory of turbulent flow, mixing length etc., logarithmic law of velocity distribution, laminar boundaries layer and its thickness, surface roughness,

smooth and rough turbulent flows and logarithmic velocity distribution laws for these flows Pipes in parallel and series, branched pipes, simple pipe networks,

use of the Hardy Cross methods, networks connecting reservoirs. Unsteady flow in pipes, water hammer, rapid and slow closure of valves, surge analysis in surge tanks.

Dimensional Analysis and Hydraulic Modelling: Dimensional homogeneity, grouping variables in dimensional relation using power method, Pi-theorem, dimensionless groups, significance of dimensionless numbers, and use of dimensional considerations in extrapolating data.

Hydrodynamics: Ideal fluid, unsteady differential equation of compressible fluids, continuity equation for incompressible three, two and one-dimensional flows cases. Circulation and vorticity, potential flow (irrotational),

rotational flow, stream function, Laplace equation for potentials flow, Cauchy-Riemann equation. Euler’s equations of motion, effect of viscosity modification of Euler’s equations to Navier – stokes equations,

Bernoulli equation for ideal fluids. Standard cases of potential flow e.g. uniform flow, line source and sink, irrotational vortex, combination of flow patterns, flow around a circular cylinder, etc.

Hydraulic Machines: Application of momentum principles to simple cases (revision of work done in Part I), Pelton wheel, limitations of Pelton wheels, reaction turbines, draft tubes etc.

Maximum moments and shear envelopes slope deflection method. Moment distribution method.

Analysis of indeterminate beams and frames. Analysis of two hinged tied and fixed arches including numerical methods.

Introduction to Plastic Analysis. Estimation of yield and collapse loads for simple beams and plane frames using virtual work methods.

Review of physical and mechanical properties of concrete and reinforcement. Safety factors. Ultimate limit state of bending. Analysis and design of singly reinforced cores sections.

Doubly reinforced cross-sections. Flanged cross-sections. bond and anchorage. shear and punching shear.

General characteristics of steel and other metals: classification of metal structures, skeleton and shell system. Production of steel and other metals. Advantages and disadvantages of metal products. Loading of structural steel systems.

Method of analysis and design of structural elements. Structural steel connections.

Analysis of three – dimensional state of strain; experimental stress analysis; strain gauges and applications.

Energy theorems and applications for response of statically indeterminate structural systems.

Strength theories applied to failure of structural elements. Analysis/design of compound and composite structural elements. Theory and design of slender members.

Critical load and stresses. Euler’s theory and its limitations. Bending of curved bars and springs.

Seepage analysis in one and two dimensions. The principle of effective stress. Shear strength. Laboratory: Soil classification on the basis of index properties.

Particle size analysis. Soil compaction. Constant-head falling head permeability test. Direct shear on sand. Triaxial testing of Soil compressibility.

The collection and interpretation of geological data for engineering use. Engineering properties of intact rocks. Influence of discontinuities on rock mass behaviour.

Insulation and finishing materials (oats, papers, rendering and plasters) for roofs, floors, underground water retaining structures and foundations.

production, use and properties of concrete; timber, Reinforcing steel bars and steel profiles for structures.

series solution of differential equation with nonsingular points, definition of Bessel equation and Bessel function of the first kinds, definition of Legendre equation,

Legendre polynomials, Fourier integral and transforms, Laplace transform and its applications to the solution of differential equations.

poisson, normal, geometric, exponential, beta and gamma), Mathematical expectation, Mean, variance and moments, Bivariant distributions,

joint, marginal and conditional distributions, covariance. Correlation coefficient Bivariant normal distribution. Regression and correlation, method of least squares, regression curves.

Random sampling, sampling distributions. Expected values, standard error, the central limit theorem. Student’s -t test, X2 and F distributions, Estimates of parameters, maximum likelihood principle,

confidence intervals for mean, proportion, variance, difference of means, difference of proportions and ratio of variances. Elements of tests of hypothesis, critical region significance level,

type I and II errors, power functions, testing the mean of a normal population when variance is known, testing the difference of means of two normal populations having equal but unknown variances,

testing the variance of a normal population, testing the ratio of variances of two normal populations, test of independence inn consistency tables, test of goodness of lift.

backing storage) information in the core store, binary coded decimal fixed and floating point representations, programming languages (short summary of the machine-code,

assembly, machine and problem oriented languages), the flow chart language, loops, iteration, the basic Fortran, Numerical data, Arithmetic, Arrays,

Input Out control statement, segmentation of programmes, statement function, function and subroutine segments common, equivalence statements.

Basic Economics; Economics of taxation and public expenditure, business organization, industrial concentration and government control.

Location of west African industry and trade: Background of West African economy, economic planning, development problems.

The banking system: Money and Capital Markets, inflation, cost-benefit analysis.

Units of measurement (linear, angular, area, volumetric). Fundamental definitions. Requisites of a good surveying work.

Principal surveying Instruments
Steel band (chain). Pins. Markers. Ranging poles (rods). Surveyor’s compass. Optical square.

Levelling staffs, levelling instruments and its adjustment. Theodolite (Transit) and its adjustment. Different reading systems.

Measurement of Small Areas. Steel linear networks. Ranging of lines. Distance measurement with a steel band. Corrections. Fields notes. Measurement of details by offsets.

Check measures. Proper field sketching. Plotting of the measurements results. Completing plans of small estates and buildings.
Levelling

General: benchmarks, turning ponts, backsight, foresight, height of instrucment etc. Procedure in differential leveling.

Differential leveling. Adjustment and computation of elevations. Profile leveling. Cross-sections. Grade line. Cuts and fills. Volumes of earthwork.

Area leveling for contouring: by square network and by spots. Plotting and interpolation of contour lines.

Working Surveys Setting out of street line and building line. Staking our of sexcavation lines according to design sketch. Marking points on corner profile. Giving foundation level.

Levelling Computations and Working Out the Results Given field books of profile and cross-section leveling. Students will make: computations of elevations, checking between benchmarks, simple adjustment, estimation of precision. Plotting profile and cross-sections.

Projecting grade line. Volumes computation of earthworks. Given leveling data of a square network. Students should make: Computation of elevations, plotting, interpolation of contours.

Using Constructional Design for Working Surveys: Basic data necessary for setting out (location) of buildings. Preparing work sketches out of constructional design. Setting out of modular space grid of a modern construction.

Precision of distance measurements. Field notes. Computation and simple adjustment of coordinates. Compass traverses.

Co-ordinates Computations: Given field data of traversing. Students will compute coordinates, make simple adjustments and determine precision of obtained results.

Tacheometric Computations Use of principal formulae. Use of different kinds of Tacheometric tables. Tacheometric slide rule and its use.

Circular Curves Computations Converting curvature data; degree of curve into radius and opposite. Computation of basic data; tangent distance, external distance, long chord, middle ordinates.

Computation of necessary data for setting out intermediate points by different methods. Use of curve tables.

Transition Curves Computations Computation of super relevation for railways and highways. Computation of basic data; tangent distance, length, final deflection angle. Computation of necessary data for setting out intermediate points by different methods. Use of tables.

Storage Structures: Dams, earth fill dams, site selection, types, seepage control, Reservoir design, Flow Measurement and Control Structures: Weirs, sluices, gates and valves turnouts.

Collection and Diffusion Structures: Intake structures, infiltration galleries, drains, surface drainage inlets, perforated pipes. Water stabilization structures: Levees, cutoff, dikes, breakwaters and seawalls.

Channel lining: Seepage from channels, Design, construction and maintenance of linings (vegetative, impervious soils, masonry, concrete, bituminous materials).

COSC 441 – Numerical Analysis (2 credits) Accuracy in numerical calculations, errors, significant figures, calculation of sin, cos and exponential by Taylor expansion. Interpolation, Newton’s forward, backward and central differences formulae.

Numerical differentiation, numerical integration, trapezoidal rule, simpson’s rule, automatic selection of interval size, Newton-Cote formulae.

Solution of algebraic and transcendental equations, graphical, bisection, interval, Newton-Raphson solution of simultaneous equations, (Gauss and Gauss-Siedel) eigenvalues and eigenvectors).

Numerical solution of ordinary differential equations. Methods of Euler, Picard, Taylors ordinary differential equations.

Methods of Euler, Picard, Taylors and Runge-Kutta predictor-corrector. Method for solving ordinary differential equations. Introduction to partial differentiation.

standard deviation,image, number of proportion of defective and defects. Acceptance sampling (sampling inspection plans – examples of single, double, multiple and sequential sampling, plants)

the operating characteristics (OC) curve, producer’s and consumers, risks, average sample number (ASN) and average outgoing quality level (AOQL), Linear programming.

Design of water tanks and retaining walls. Criteria for stability.

Compensated foundations. Deep foundations. Dewatering.
Laboratory: Soil Compressibility

Computer applications to water resources allocation, control theory, traffic analysis and structural analysis/design.

Special computer-aided design projects in specific fields (i.e., structural, transportation, geotechnical, water resources, and environmental engineering) of civil water engineering.

Hydraulics and energy grade line and losses. Non-uniform flow, system head curves, pump performance and selection. Head-capacity relationship for multiple pump system demand.

Siphon, equivalent pipes, pipes, in series and parallel, branching pipes. Methods of sections, Hardy cross method, balancing equivalent pipe lengths method, reservoir and pumping station.

Hydrodynamics – some advanced topics. Harmonic water waves, DEEP WATER (short) and shallow water (Long ) waves, shape of orbits etc. Sediment transportation in open channels.

Properties of sediments, threshold of particle movement, critical velocity and shear stress, shields diagram, Bed load movement; Du Boy’s bed load formula and brief discussion of other bed load formulae.

Suspended sediment, one dimensional steady, equation of suspended sediment, evaluation of total suspended load etc.

Empirical method of stable alluvial channels design. Local scour and channel erosion. Reservoir sedimentation.

Relation between demand, supply and river run-off
Type of hydro power developments e.g. multiple use developments, typical development, co-ordinated hydroelectric systems.

Types of plants. The fore-bay, intakes and relevant equipments. Penstocks and tunnels and their economic size. Substructure and superstructure. Components of a hydro power-house.

Underground hydro powerhouse. Hydropower machinery. Water turbine e.g. Pelton wheels, Francis turbines, Kaplan and propeller turbines etc. Governing of water turbines.

(General discussion and mechanics of flow through turbines is included in fluid mechanics Part II).
Pumped storage schemes. Purposes and types.

Selection of turbine and pump capacities. Choice of speed of sets and physical arrangement of sets. Efficiency of pumped storage schemes.

S-curve and converting unit hydrograph of a given duration to any other duration. Instantaneous Unit Hydrograph (IUH). Flood Routing. Routing through reservoir.

Routing through river channels. Muskingum method. Sedimentation of reservoirs.

Ground Water Hydrology: Hydraulics of wells. Single well in unconfined aquifer with full penetration. Single well in confined aquifer. More than one well in confined and unconfined aquifers.

Effect of aquifer boundaries (steams and impervious barriers) on the well hydraulics, method of images. Unsteady flow in wells.

Storage coefficient and transmissivity. Draw down and pumping tests. Analysis of pumping test data for evaluating storage and transmissivity coefficients. Recovery of wells.

Use of complex variables in analysis of ground water flow. Brief description of drilling methods, Screens and other parts of a borehole. Different types of pumps used for pumping water from a borehole.

Water prospecting methods, Geophysical prospecting etc. Recharge mechanisms and recharge estimation.

Application and importance of small water works. Water borne, water-based, and water-related diseases and their mode of transmission.

Individual waste disposal systems, including aqua privies, pit latrines, septic tanks, soak ways and drain fields.

Storage, collection, transport and disposal of agricultural and domestic solid waste.

Planning water and sanitation programmes for rural communities and gradual upgrading of such programmes.

Sedimentation: Discrete and non-discrete settling tanks, sedimentation theory, sizing of tanks, tanks, construction details and design example of sedimentation tank.

Coagulation / Flocculation: Coagulant clarification processes, Chemical dosing. Rapid and slow mixing units design. Conventional Clarifiers, Inclined plate clarifiers, Combined clarifiers, Pulsators and super pulsators.

Filtration: impurities removal mechanisms, Types: Slow sand Filters, Rapid Sand filtration, Down and Up flow Filtration. Aeration and Gas Transfer processes: Gravity aerators, inclined plates, aeration towers etc.

Disinfections: Chlorination, Break point chlorination, Chemicals used for chlorination and design of chlorination installations.

Epidemiology: The study of community diseases. Conditions giving rise to disease.

Infection: Methods of spread, sources of spread and conditions affecting spread.

Protection: Natural and artificial Methods. Epidemics: Their spread, How they can be controlled and their importance. Infectious diseases in the United Kingdom: Their cause, mode of spread, mortality and control methods.

Infectious diseases in the Tropical Countries: Their cause, mode of spread, mortality and control methods.

Non-Infectious diseases: Influence on the environment, Bronchitis, lung cancer and various types of poisoning, Radiation.

Accidents: Roads, Factory (Industrial) and Rehabilitation. Food Adulteration and Poisoning. Malnutrition – Causes, their recognition and control.

Mental outlook Towards family work and community. Health and Community Hygiene: Historical surveys, World Health Organization, Its growth and adjustment.

Local achievement. Local achievements in slum clearance, rodent control etc. Health education- Its methods and opportunities.

Water quality standards. Volume and rate concepts. Design periods, population studies. Water consumption variation in demand.

Fire demand, coincidental draft. Hydrant flow test and flow calculations. Sewage flow rates.

Design principles of separate, combined and semi-separate sewerage systems, Estimation of dry weather flows and storm-water flows using different methods, Sizing and construction of sewer pipes.

Manhole chambers and storm water overflows, Pumping systems and inverted siphons. Maintenance of sewers.

Principles involved in the design, operation and maintenance of water and wastewater treatment facilities.

Highway drainage, Urban drainage, Drainage of airstrips, sub-surface drainage systems; Drainage of tidal areas; Reclamation of tidal areas.

salinity and water quality; reclamation and management; irrigation water application (surface, sprinkler, and sub-irrigation) use and distribution water management and efficiency;

Economic analysis; operation and management of irrigation schemes. Irrigation water scheduling, and costing.

The effects of pollutants on the chemical quality and the ecology of receiving stream, Eutrophication, Control of water pollution, Stream and effluent standards.

Determination of required degree of treatment. Site visits to water and wastewater treatment plants.

Air Pollution: The theory, principles and practices related to engineering control of the particuate and gaseous emissions from natural, industrial, agricultural, commercial and municipal sources of atmospheric pollution:

The effects of of atmospheric pollution on various forms of life including both direct and secondary effects. Control devices of air pollutions.

Solid waste collection and management: Principles and practices of Storage, collection, transport and disposal of solid wastes from domestic, industrial and agricultural sources. Industrial Utilisation of solid waste. Refuse processing and recovery.

Noise Control: Sound, sound pressure, weighting scales, Measurement, indexes, Definitions of Noise, human perception. Sources of Noise pollution: Vehicles, aircraft, industrial, domestic. Acoustic insulation. Standards.

Kinetics of aerobic and anaerobic treatment of wastewater. Treatment studies; activated sludge process, biological filtrations, stabilization ponds,

Anaerobic sludge digestion and thickening, vacuum filtration, air and sand bed drying of sludge, heat treatment, land disposal, incineration and wet oxidation.

Tertiary treatment, nutrient removal, suspended solids removal, organic and in-organic removal.

Effects of the changed environment on man. Examples of environmental impact assessment with particular references to developing countries. Role of environmental engineering in prevention of environmental stress.

Planning and policy, administration and organisation of natural resources development and public health. Land use planning and landscape design.

Foundation subjected to vibrations. Foundation in reclaimed lands and sanitary land fill areas.

Application of the classification coding and numbering of items, Preparation of Bill of Quantities: Method-Related charges.

Measurement of the following; Demolition and Site clearance, Earthworks, embankments and cuttings, Retaining walls, Soil stabilisation, Piling,

In-situ concrete and concrete ancillaries. Brickwork, block work and masonry, Simple bridges and Culverts,

Wharves, jetties, Timber works, Structural metal works, Roads and pavements and simple bridges, Simple railway work and simple bridges. Other civil engineering constructions related to the above.